top of page
Search
Writer's pictureUdita Singh

SELF-ESTEEM


Date: 04/02/22- 12/02/22

Author Name: Udita Singh

Qualifications: B.A.(Hons); M.A. Applied Psychology (Specialisation in Clinical Psychology)

Designation: Consultant Psychologist, ACRO Mental Health Services.

Word count: 3,175 words

Reading time: 27 mins

Reviewed by: Sareem Athar, Aishwarya Krishna Priya and Mariyam Mohammed.




“The greatest thing in the world is to know how to belong to oneself.”

  • Michel de Montaigne (1).



What is the meaning of self-esteem?

Self-esteem is a person’s overall sense of self, worth, or personal values. In other words, how much someone appreciates themselves and likes themselves is the person’s self-esteem (2). It plays a significant role in the way a person is motivated and becomes successful throughout life (3,4).


It is also the ability to achieve the things that someone genuinely desires to have in life (5). So, self-esteem is a term used in psychology to describe how people tend to evaluate themselves comprehensively with respect to self-worth(6). Furthermore, self-esteem is how much a person feels confident in themselves and how satisfied they are with their lives (7,8).




The terms self-esteem and self-worth tend to be used equivalently (9). However, feelings of self-esteem tend to be more fluid and changeable than self-worth (10).


Self-worth is the inner feeling and understanding of how good you are as a person and how deserving you are of love, care, affection, and acceptance from other people in your life (11). Self-worth is how we tend to have opinions regarding ourselves, whether the value we put on ourselves is more positive or more towards the negative side (12).


“Why should we worry about what others think of us? Do we have more confidence in their opinions than we do our own?”

  • Brigham Young (13).


Self-esteem and psychology:


Many aspects could be easily confused with self-esteem (14). In the field of psychology, many psychologists have studied the notion of self-esteem and differentiated the other similar concepts like self-image, self-worth, self-confidence, etc (15,16).


Self-concept is the understanding of who we are on the whole (17). It is how we perceive ourselves all in all (18). Many psychologists and thinkers like Sigmund Freud, Carl Rogers, etc., have postulated what self-concept is and worked on it extensively (19). According to Rogers, there are three elements of self-concept: self-image, the ideal self, and self-worth (20). The most significant difference between self-esteem and self-concept is that self-esteem is more of a self-assessment or self-evaluation, whereas self-concept is not much related to how someone evaluates themselves, it leans more towards an overall understanding of how the person is (21,22).


Self-image is the way we view ourselves (23,24). It is the picture we have in our minds regarding the way we are. It includes the character traits that we think we have; these traits could be positive as well as negative (24). Some people have this picture in their minds that include many positive characteristics like honesty, and loyalty, and they believe that they are intelligent, good-looking, kind and caring (25). Whereas some might see themselves through the lens of negative character traits like being selfish, stubborn (26,27). When we combine all our characteristics, both positive and negative, then we collectively form our strengths and weaknesses, which is, in a nutshell, our self-image (28,29). The key distinction between self-image and self-esteem is that our self-image is how we view or perceive ourselves, whereas self-esteem is how we tend to assign value to ourselves (30). Self-image is related to the way we think we appear to others and how we tend to behave generally (31).

“A positive self-image has little relationship to our material circumstances.”

  • Ezra Taft Benson (32)




Self-confidence refers to how much we believe in ourselves and how much belief we hold with regard to our capabilities and the decisions we make in everyday life (33,34). By being adequately self-confident, we tend to achieve greater success and get better outcomes personally as well as professionally, as we have faith in ourselves and our skills and competencies (35). Hence, self-confidence is the way we evaluate or assess our capabilities, while self-esteem focuses on our perception of self and how we engage with the world (36).


“Don’t wait until everything is just right (37). It will never be perfect. There will always be challenges, obstacles, and less-than-perfect conditions. So what? Get started now (38).

With each step you take, you will grow stronger and stronger, more and more skilled, more and more self-confident, and more and more successful.”

  • Mark Victor Hansen (39)



Self-efficacy is how a person has faith in his or her capability or skill to be successful in something (40). Albert Bandura, a psychologist, gave a theory called the “social cognitive theory”, where he highlights the function of social experiences, observational learning, etc (41). As stated by Bandura, self-efficacy includes an individual’s capabilities, attitudes, opinions, perceptions, cognitive capacities, etc(42).Self-efficacy can influence many things like a person’s thoughts, feelings, behaviours, psychological state, drive, etc (43). Self-esteem is the degree to which we respect ourselves and how much worth we attribute to ourselves, whereas self-efficacy is how much we believe that we will succeed in whatever we do (44).


“People’s beliefs about their abilities have a profound effect on those abilities.”

  • Albert Bandura (45).



Self-compassion is the skill to perceive, grasp, acknowledge and love ourselves inwardly(46). Sometimes, we easily feel compassionate and show our compassion to others, especially our loved ones, but we find it hard to show compassion to ourselves, especially when we are going through difficult times (47). So, being compassionate towards oneself includes being empathetic and sensitive towards ourselves, specifically when we are going through something challenging(48). Contrary to self-esteem, self-compassion does not focus on the way we evaluate or assess ourselves (49,50). It focuses on being kind to ourselves, even when we do not achieve something that we really wanted. It is accepting failure and being considerate to ourselves (51).


“We are each gifted in a unique and important way. It is our privilege and our adventure to discover our special light.”

  • Mary Dunbar (52).



What are the types or levels of self-esteem?

There are three levels or types of self-esteem: low, healthy, and excessive or inflated self-esteem (53).


Low self-esteem:

There are various signs of low self-esteem that you can identify in yourself or someone you know who might have low self-esteem (54).These are:


1. People with low self-esteem believe that they are just not good enough (55). They tend to hesitate nearly about everything they do and seem unconfident about the tasks that need to be done (56). They might even put off doing tasks; they might strongly procrastinate to cope with the thoughts of not being good enough (57). People might believe that they will always make mistakes and nothing will be ever done right (58). Their inner voice is fault-finding and quite critical(59). This eventually leads to immense amounts of stress and feeling anxious and also impacts interpersonal relationships (60).


2. Another sign is if a person is usually unable to speak what is on his or her mind; especially the person’s feelings and thoughts (61). People with low self-esteem may find it difficult to express their needs to others and what they want from others (62). They don't feel confident enough to speak up about their wishes and this leads to them feeling unsatisfied (63,64).


3. Fear of failure is a key sign of having low self-esteem (65). Before doing any tasks related to work or an assignment in school or college, they might try their best to avoid doing that task, because deep down, they strongly believe that they are going to fail no matter what (66). So, to avoid failing, they could simply dodge the task for as long as they can (67). They could also avoid tasks that challenge them so that they do not fail if the task is not challenging enough (68,69).People may also start making excuses if they do not succeed or even minimize the significance of the task (70).



4. Being overly apologetic is another sign (71). If there is a situation when the person had no control over it, yet the person still apologizes like they did something wrong (72). Apologizing for situations you have no control over is one issue, but you might also be saying sorry to avoid conflict, even when you don't agree with the other person’s actions and responses (73). Hence, apologizing, even if it is not their fault, could be a sign that the person fears conflicts from escalating, and might also have a fear of abandonment (74).


5. Indulging in bad and negative habits and self-harm is an indication of having low self-esteem (75). For instance, unhealthy eating patterns, drinking alcohol, smoking, doing drugs, etc are some examples of bad habits and self-harm behaviours (76). People who indulge in self-harm behaviours believe that doing those things will help them alleviate their pain and relieve their uncomfortable feelings (77). Self-harming behaviour makes the person believe that the person is in control somehow and helps them in coping (78).





6. People with lower self-esteem tend to downplay their achievements (79). People may feel that their achievements are minuscule and choose to downplay those achievements in front of others (80). They might dismiss compliments and feel unworthy of praise for all of their hard work (81). They might believe that they are inferior to others despite everything that they have accomplished so far (82). They think that if anything good happens to them and that they achieve something, it is not because of their hard work and dedication, it is because they simply got lucky (83).


7. They usually take criticism too personally(84). One thing they cannot avoid is criticism from others(85). We all need other people to remind us about the things that we need to improve(86). People with low self-esteem may break down, even if it is constructive criticism(87). They might start truly believing that they are unworthy as a person and also, they might react badly when criticised (88,89).


8. People whose self-esteem is not healthy have a negative self-image(90). They tend to look down on themselves and they get bombarded with thoughts that they are very unattractive, stupid, lazy, etc(91). They might feel that they are somehow deficient or inferior to other people because they think they cannot measure up with others(92). They focus on something negative about themselves; it could be related to their looks, personality, capabilities, etc (93).





9. Opposing being excessively apologetic with others comes blaming others for everything bad happening(94). They tend to put the blame elsewhere, and they fear taking responsibility for their own failures(95,96). This can be because they have a habit of blaming externally and this could manifest as an inability to accept responsibility when they are with others and in certain situations and circumstances (97).


10. Individuals with low self-esteem usually struggle in interpersonal relationships as they find it very difficult to say “no” to others, and they might reluctantly say yes in order to please others and they usually put others first (98).



“Low self-esteem is like driving through life with your hand-brake on.”

-Maxwell Maltz (99).




Healthy self-esteem:

How do you know if your self-esteem is healthy? Following are the principal indications of having a healthy level of self-esteem:(100)

  1. People who have healthy self-esteem, tend to believe in themselves and their abilities to achieve things that they desire the most(101). They are aware of their strengths and they learn how to utilize their strengths in order to be successful, and they are open to bettering themselves and their positive traits (102). Moreover, they are determined, ambitious and purpose-driven (103,104).

  2. They prioritize taking appropriate care of their physical, mental, and emotional health(105). They give priority to eating well and exercising, and they focus on not bottling their feelings and emotions; they realize the importance of expressing and releasing their emotions and they do it in a healthy manner (106). They are open to learning new things and improving and challenging themselves (107,108).



3. They tend to accept that they are responsible for what happens in their lives(109). They do not tend to blame others for their own failures or shortcomings; rather they hold themselves accountable for their actions and behaviours (110,111).


4. They actively avoid actions or behaviours that are self-destructive like drinking alcohol, smoking cigarettes, doing drugs, driving rashly, getting into unhealthy or dysfunctional relationships, etc (112).


5. Having healthy self-esteem means knowing what one wants or needs in every aspect of life and the ability to convey to others about their needs in a respectful manner (113,114).


6. They firmly believe that they are worthy of love, care, affection, approval and they give these to themselves consistently (115). They do not believe that they need approval or validation from others, and their lives do not revolve around seeking approval or validation from others (116).




Excessive or inflated self-esteem:

Just like having low self-esteem could lead to various problems in a person’s life, having an excessively high level of self-esteem could also result in personal issues and various conflicts(117). People with quite high levels of self-esteem could struggle with interpersonal relationships and addiction problems (118). The various signs of having excessive or inflated self-esteem are:

  1. Being very arrogant, conceited, and haughty.

  2. Some may describe them as “being very self-indulgent”, and selfish.

  3. May bully others in school, colleges, workplace.

  4. Described as shrewd, cunning, deceitful.

  5. They do not try to identify or acknowledge their mistakes or flaws.

  6. Reluctant to change themselves or their character traits.

  7. Usually have impractical views regarding their capabilities and skills.

  8. They do not usually take criticisms appropriately; they tend to react with anger if they get criticised by others.

  9. They could be recognized by their impulse control issues.

  10. They believe that they are entitled (119-129).

What are the factors that influence self-esteem?

Self-esteem begins to get established during childhood, and many factors could contribute to building a healthy level of self-esteem or an unhealthy level- both low and excessive levels of self-esteem (130):

How others respond towards us plays a huge role in the kind of self-esteem we develop (131). If we consistently received validation, acceptance, and feedback, then most likely our self-esteem would be healthy; or if we receive a lot, then it could lean towards excessive self-esteem development (132).

How we engage with and connect with our parents, teachers, siblings, etc matters a lot in the development of healthy self-esteem in our childhood and additionally, our romantic partners when we become adults (133).





What kind of experiences you gather over the years at home, school, college, work, etc., also plays a crucial role in self-esteem. Numerous unfavourable circumstances and experiences lead us to develop certain negative beliefs about ourselves, which in the long run results in having low self-esteem (134). For instance, if someone was repeatedly punished over a long period of time, they might learn to believe that they are inherently bad and don’t deserve love (135).


Furthermore, many times people put a lot of pressure on us to achieve things and be extremely successful, academically, professionally, etc. People all around us put expectations on us (which could be impractical or unrealistic) and we work really hard to not disappoint our loved ones. So, we end up putting a lot of expectations on ourselves and if we do not achieve what we were expected to, we feel like a failure and we begin to blame and criticize ourselves for failing and not fulfilling others’ expectations. This results in negative core beliefs and lower self-esteem if repeated multiple times throughout our lives (136,137).



“Sometimes your belief system is really your fears attached to rules.”

  • Shannon L. Alder (138).



What are the causes?

Usually, low self-esteem is caused by experiencing an event that triggers the person in a negative manner, and there could be more than one trigger for the same(139). It could be possible that an individual has low self-esteem as an adult because he or she did not receive validation or approval from parents or from any person that the individual considers as close (140).



“Just like children, emotions heal when they are heard and validated.”

  • Jill Bolte Taylor (141).



Furthermore, people who experienced emotional distance from their parents during childhood could show signs of lower self-esteem when they become adults (142). Sexual, emotional, mental or any kind of physical abuse could contribute to a person developing lower self-esteem (143).



If a child or a teenager struggles with regard to academic exams, assignments, or overall academic achievements, then he or she might not feel very confident which ultimately affects their belief in themselves with respect to being successful and achievements (144).

Another crucial aspect is unreasonable and irrational beauty expectations set by models on social media like Instagram, Snapchat, Facebook, etc. Seeing the “ideal” beauty expectations set by society compels people to believe that they are just not beautiful or attractive enough. Body shaming and bullying heavily influences individuals’ self-esteem levels (145).




Negative peer pressure or influence where a child or teenager is forced to behave in a certain manner in order to be accepted and “belong” to a particular peer group could cause low self-esteem (146).



How can therapy help in boosting self-esteem?

People who identify themselves with the numerous signs of having low self-esteem can benefit from seeking therapy for the same (147). It has been found that Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) could be an effective therapeutic approach to raise the self-esteem of the clients (148). Melanie Fennell, a renowned psychologist, created a model for low self-esteem, that is primarily a cognitive-behavioural model (149). CBT model helps individuals with low self-esteem to recognize their core patterns or “core beliefs” that contributes to thoughts like “I am not good enough”, “I am a failure”, “I don’t deserve to be loved”, “I am insignificant”, etc that ultimately leads to the individuals having low self-esteem (150,151).


In order to combat these core beliefs, people tend to develop certain rules in their lives, certain behaviours so that they feel a higher sense of esteem like “I need to put others first in order to feel loved and valued”, “I need to be successful in every task to gain approval”, etc. A CBT therapist would help individuals recognize these patterns and core beliefs and help them to challenge them in order to raise their sense of esteem and self-confidence (152).


Furthermore, if the clients display signs of having a negative self-image, the therapists help the clients recognize their patterns and thoughts regarding their self-image and encourage them to highlight their positives and achievements, even if those achievements are little(153). Hence, therapists work towards building a more positive self-image of the clients in order to raise their self-esteem (154).




Additionally, tendencies such as pleasing others and having a lack of healthy boundaries with others significantly contribute to low self-esteem(155). So, therapists support the clients in building healthy boundaries, being more assertive, and learn how to put themselves and their needs first in order to stop their people-pleasing behaviours and patterns (156).

Moreover, there is a possibility that clients may show signs of self-harm tendencies and indulging in bad habits. The therapists assist clients in acknowledging these patterns and dispute them (157).



“You can have anything you want if you are willing to give up the belief that you can’t have it.”

  • Dr. Robert Anthony (158).



Hence, people who have low self-esteem could absolutely benefit by seeking therapy by psychologists and change their patterns into more healthy ones and live a prosperous life:)

(159).






Audio-Visual Credits:







References:

  1. Self Esteem Quotes (2407 quotes) [Internet]. Goodreads.com. 2009. Available from: https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/self-esteem

  2. Cherry K. What Exactly Is Self-Esteem? [Internet]. Verywell Mind. 2010. Available from: https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-self-esteem-2795868

  3. Self Worth [Internet]. uncw.edu. Available from: https://uncw.edu/counseling/selfworth.html

  4. 38 Inspiring Self Worth Quotes [Internet]. danxiety. 2020. Available from: https://danxiety.com/38-inspiring-self-worth-quotes/

  5. Psychologist gene BB is an R, Teacher LP, Academic AF, undergrad creative writer S has been teaching social science courses both in the adviser graduate levels J has also been researched, Psychology PM in an N of, et al. Difference Between Self-Concept and Self-Esteem | Difference Between [Internet]. Available from: http://www.differencebetween.net/language/difference-between-self-concept-and-self-esteem/

  6. Carl Rogers | Simply Psychology [Internet]. www.simplypsychology.org. Available from: https://www.simplypsychology.org/carl-rogers.html#:~:text=Central%20to%20Rogers

  7. What is the Difference Between Self Concept and Self Esteem - Pediaa.com [Internet]. Pediaa.com. 2018. Available from: https://pediaa.com/what-is-the-difference-between-self-concept-and-self-esteem/

  8. Cleveland Clinic. Self-Image & Positive | Cleveland Clinic [Internet]. Cleveland Clinic. 2017. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/12942-fostering-a-positive-self-image

  9. Ackerman C. What is Self-Image and How Do We Improve it? Definition + Quotes [Internet]. PositivePsychology.com. 2018. Available from: https://positivepsychology.com/self-image/

  10. DipLC KPB MA. Self Image and Self Esteem [Internet]. More Self Esteem. 2020 [cited 2022 Feb 4]. Available from: https://www.more-selfesteem.com/more-self-esteem/building-self-esteem/what-is-self-esteem/self-image-and-self-esteem#:~:text=The%20difference%20between%20your%20self

  11. 20+ Positive Self Image Quotes to Boost Anyone’s Confidence [Internet]. Page Flutter. 2018 [cited 2022 Feb 4]. Available from: https://pageflutter.com/20-positive-self-image-quotes/

  12. What is Self-Confidence? + 9 Ways to Increase It [2019 Update] [Internet]. PositivePsychology.com. 2019. Available from: https://positivepsychology.com/self-confidence/

  13. Morin A. 5 ways to start boosting your self-confidence today [Internet]. Verywell Mind. 2019. Available from: https://www.verywellmind.com/how-to-boost-your-self-confidence-4163098

  14. What’s the Difference Between Self-Esteem and Self-Confidence? [Internet]. www.torontopsychologists.com. 2020. Available from: https://www.torontopsychologists.com/whats-the-difference-between-self-esteem-and-self-confidence

  15. Liles M. 101 Uplifting Confidence Quotes for Days You’re Struggling with Low Self-Esteem [Internet]. Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. 2021. Available from: https://parade.com/989608/marynliles/confidence-quotes/

  16. Cherry K. Self Efficacy: Why Believing in Yourself Matters [Internet]. Verywell Mind. Verywellmind; 2020. Available from: https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-self-efficacy-2795954

  17. McLeod S. Albert Bandura | Social Learning Theory | Simply Psychology [Internet]. www.simplypsychology.org. 2016. Available from: https://www.simplypsychology.org/bandura.html#:~:text=Social%20learning%20theory%2C%20proposed%20by

  18. Self-Efficacy Theory: Bandura’s 4 Sources of Efficacy Beliefs [Internet]. iEduNote.com. 2018. Available from: https://www.iedunote.com/self-efficacy-theory

  19. What is the difference between Self-esteem and Self-efficacy? | Socratic [Internet]. Socratic.org. Available from: https://socratic.org/questions/what-is-the-difference-between-self-esteem-and-self-efficacy-1

  20. Albert Bandura Quotes (Author of Self-Efficacy) [Internet]. Goodreads.com. 2019. Available from: https://www.goodreads.com/author/quotes/220746.Albert_Bandura

  21. Self–Compassion [Internet]. www.goodtherapy.org. Available from: https://www.goodtherapy.org/learn-about-therapy/issues/self-compassion

  22. Self-compassion vs. Self-esteem [Internet]. CMSC. [cited 2022 Feb 6]. Available from: https://centerformsc.org/learn-msc/self-compassion-vs-self-esteem/

  23. Best Self-Compassion and Self-Acceptance Quotes [Internet]. Bits of Positivity. 2018 [cited 2022 Feb 6]. Available from: https://bitsofpositivity.com/best-self-compassion-self-acceptance-quotes/

  24. Self Esteem: 3 Major Types To Be Aware Of. - CMBANK [Internet]. Available from: https://cmbankng.com/cmbank/2020/07/27/cmb-self-esteem-types/#:~:text=There%20are%20three%20(3)%20types

  25. https://www.facebook.com/harleytherapylondon. Always Left Feeling Not Good Enough? The Real Reasons Why - Harley TherapyTM Blog [Internet]. Harley TherapyTM Blog. 2018. Available from: https://www.harleytherapy.co.uk/counselling/feeling-not-good-enough.htm

  26. Cherry K. Common Signs of Low Self-Esteem [Internet]. Verywell Mind. 2021. Available from: https://www.verywellmind.com/signs-of-low-self-esteem-5185978

  27. 10 Signs That You Might Have Fear of Failure | Psychology Today [Internet]. www.psychologytoday.com. [cited 2022 Feb 6]. Available from: https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/the-squeaky-wheel/201306/10-signs-you-might-have-fear-failure

  28. Swaddle T. Why Some People Over-Apologize, And Others Never Do [Internet]. The Swaddle. 2020. Available from: https://theswaddle.com/why-some-people-over-apologize-and-others-never-do/

  29. The Low Self-Esteem and Self-Harm Connection | HealthyPlace [Internet]. www.healthyplace.com. Available from: https://www.healthyplace.com/blogs/buildingselfesteem/2018/04/the-connection-between-low-self-esteem-and-self-harm

  30. Better Health Channel. Self esteem [Internet]. Vic.gov.au. 2012. Available from: https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/self-esteem

  31. Therapy for Sensitivity, Therapist for Sensitivity Issues [Internet]. www.goodtherapy.org. [cited 2022 Feb 6]. Available from: https://www.goodtherapy.org/learn-about-therapy/issues/sensitivity#:~:text=Issues%20Correlated%20with%20Sensitivity%20to%20Criticism

  32. Firestone L. Low Self-Esteem: What Does it Mean to Lack Self-Esteem? - PsychAlive [Internet]. PsychAlive. 2019. Available from: https://www.psychalive.org/low-self-esteem/

  33. Chen R. Warning Signs of Low Self Esteem [Internet]. [cited 2022 Feb 6]. Available from: https://www.embracepossibility.com/blog/warning-signs-of-low-self-esteem/#:~:text=The%20inability%20to%20accept%20responsibility

  34. Pleasing others can lead to low self-esteem [Internet]. www.counselling-directory.org.uk. [cited 2022 Feb 6]. Available from: https://www.counselling-directory.org.uk/memberarticles/pleasing-others-can-lead-to-low-self-esteem

  35. Low Self-Esteem Quotes [Internet]. BrainyQuote. [cited 2022 Feb 6]. Available from: https://www.brainyquote.com/topics/low-self-esteem-quotes

  36. Self-esteem and Believing in Yourself | Tips and Advice [Internet]. YoungMinds. [cited 2022 Feb 11]. Available from: https://www.youngminds.org.uk/young-person/coping-with-life/self-esteem-and-believing-in-yourself/#:~:text=When%20we%20have%20good%20self

  37. How to Increase Your Self-Esteem with Self-Care | HealthyPlace [Internet]. www.healthyplace.com. [cited 2022 Feb 11]. Available from: https://www.healthyplace.com/blogs/buildingselfesteem/2012/06/how-to-increase-your-self-esteem-with-self-care

  38. How Accountability Builds Self-Esteem | HealthyPlace [Internet]. www.healthyplace.com. [cited 2022 Feb 11]. Available from: https://www.healthyplace.com/blogs/buildingselfesteem/2019/5/how-accountability-builds-self-esteem

  39. Self-Esteem | Counseling Center [Internet]. Available from: https://counseling.dasa.ncsu.edu/resources/self-help-resources/self-esteem/

  40. Mayo Clinic. Does your self-esteem need a boost? [Internet]. Mayo Clinic. 2020. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/in-depth/self-esteem/art-20047976

  41. ‌12 Clear signs of healthy self-esteem: building confidence. [Internet]. Sara Fabian Coaching. 2016. Available from: https://sarafabiancoaching.com/12-clear-signs-of-healthy-self-esteem/

  42. What Happens When Your Self-Esteem Is Too High? | HealthyPlace [Internet]. www.healthyplace.com. Available from: https://www.healthyplace.com/blogs/buildingselfesteem/2019/3/what-happens-when-your-self-esteem-is-too-high

  43. Susanna. The Dangers of Excessively High... [Internet]. Exploring your mind. Exploring your mind; 2019. Available from: https://exploringyourmind.com/the-dangers-of-excessively-high-self-esteem/

  44. When Self-esteem Is Too High [Internet]. Fire Mountain Residential Treatment Center. 2014 [cited 2022 Feb 11]. Available from: https://firemountainprograms.com/self-esteem-high/

  45. Self-Esteem [Internet]. www.weber.edu. Available from: https://www.weber.edu/CounselingCenter/self-esteem.html

  46. The Trap of External Validation for Self-Esteem [Internet]. Psych Central. 2017. Available from: https://psychcentral.com/blog/psychology-self/2017/08/validation-self-esteem#1

  47. Harris MA, Orth U. The link between self-esteem and social relationships: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology [Internet]. 2019 Sep 26;119(6). Available from: https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/psp-pspp0000265.pdf

  48. Negative Thoughts - The Secret Cause of Your Low Self-Esteem? [Internet]. Harley TherapyTM Blog. 2016 [cited 2022 Feb 11]. Available from: https://www.harleytherapy.co.uk/counselling/negative-thoughts.htm#:~:text=So%20the%20more%20negative%20your

  49. Are Negative Core Beliefs Wrecking Your Life? | Psychology Today [Internet]. www.psychologytoday.com. [cited 2022 Feb 11]. Available from: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-main-ingredient/202109/are-negative-core-beliefs-wrecking-your-life

  50. Self-Esteem [Internet]. William & Mary. [cited 2022 Feb 11]. Available from: https://www.wm.edu/offices/wellness/counselingcenter/resources/selfhelpmaterials/selfesteem/index.php#:~:text=Being%20unable%20to%20meet%20unrealistic

  51. What Factors Influence Your Self-esteem? [Internet]. Essence of Healing Counseling. 2017. Available from: https://www.essenceofhealingcounseling.com/what-factors-influence-your-self-esteem/

  52. Unrealistic Expectations Quotes (7 quotes) [Internet]. www.goodreads.com. [cited 2022 Feb 11]. Available from: https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/unrealistic-expectations

  53. Why do some people need constant validation? An expert tells us all [Internet]. Healthshots. 2022 [cited 2022 Feb 11]. Available from: https://www.healthshots.com/mind/mental-health/need-for-validation-and-its-effects-on-mental-health/

  54. Validation Quotes (139 quotes) [Internet]. www.goodreads.com. Available from: https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/validation

  55. LMSW DR, LCSW KC. Can Emotional Neglect Cause Low Self-Esteem? | Cohesive Therapy NYC [Internet]. Counseling | Psychotherapy | NYC | Cohesive Therapy NYC. 2021 [cited 2022 Feb 11]. Available from: https://cohesivetherapynyc.com/blog/can-emotional-neglect-cause-low-self-esteem/

  56. Self Esteem [Internet]. Help for Adult Victims Of Child Abuse - HAVOCA. Available from: https://www.havoca.org/survivors/attitudes/self-esteem/

  57. 8 Common Causes of Low Self-Esteem [Internet]. Goodchoicesgoodlife.org. 2014. Available from: http://www.goodchoicesgoodlife.org/choices-for-young-people/boosting-self-esteem/

  58. Henriques M, Patnaik D. Social Media and Its Effects on Beauty [Internet]. www.intechopen.com. IntechOpen; 2020. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/73271

  59. Self Esteem & Peer Pressure | Iroquois Springs [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://iroquoissprings.com/blog/self-esteem-peer-pressure/

  60. Kaur DMW Dr Hardeep. Low Self-Esteem [Internet]. Psychology Tools. Available from: https://www.psychologytools.com/self-help/low-self-esteem/

  61. Cognitive Behavioral Model Of Low Self-Esteem (Fennell, 1997) [Internet]. Psychology Tools. Available from: https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/cognitive-behavioral-model-of-low-self-esteem-fennell-1997/

  62. The Two Core Beliefs That Most Influence Self-Esteem | Balanced Achievement [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2022 Feb 11]. Available from: https://www.balancedachievement.com/psychology/core-beliefs-and-self-esteem/

  63. CBT for Low Self Esteem [Internet]. Klearminds. [cited 2022 Feb 11]. Available from: https://www.klearminds.com/therapies/cbt-cognitive-behavioural-therapy/low-self-esteem/#:~:text=CBT%20therapy%20helps%20you%20understand

  64. Build Self-Esteem [Internet]. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Los Angeles. Available from: https://cogbtherapy.com/build-self-esteem

  65. Why Your Boundaries Matter Now More Than Ever [Internet]. CBT Psychology. 2020. Available from: https://cbtpsychology.com/relational-boundaries/

  66. https://www.facebook.com/verywell. Self-Defeating Thoughts and Beliefs [Internet]. Verywell Mind. 2019. Available from: https://www.verywellmind.com/change-your-self-defeating-beliefs-2584239

  67. Juma N. 23 Self Esteem Quotes on Building Confidence and Self-Worth [Internet]. Everyday Power. 2019. Available from: https://everydaypower.com/self-esteem-quotes-on-confidence/

  68. Hulme N, Hirsch C, Stopa L. Images of the Self and Self-Esteem: Do Positive Self-Images Improve Self-Esteem in Social Anxiety? Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. 2012 Mar 22;41(2):163–73.

  69. Mares SHW, de Leeuw RNH, Scholte RHJ, Engels RCME. Facial Attractiveness and Self-Esteem in Adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. 2010 Aug 17;39(5):627–37

  70. Barry CT, Frick PJ, Killian AL. The Relation of Narcissism and Self-Esteem to Conduct Problems in Children: A Preliminary Investigation. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. 2003 Feb;32(1):139–52.

  71. Doré C. L’estime de soi : analyse de concept. Recherche en soins infirmiers. 2017;N° 129(2):18.

  72. AlHarbi N. Self-Esteem: A Concept Analysis. Nursing Science Quarterly. 2022 Jun 27;35(3):327–31.

  73. Morales-Sánchez L, Luque-Ribelles V, Gil-Olarte P, Ruiz-González P, Guil R. Enhancing Self-Esteem and Body Image of Breast Cancer Women through Interventions: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021 Feb 9;18(4):1640.

  74. McDonald EJ, McCabe K, Yeh M, Lau A, Garland A, Hough RL. Cultural Affiliation and Self-Esteem as Predictors of Internalizing Symptoms Among Mexican American Adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. 2005 Feb;34(1):163–71.

  75. Marchand A, Goupil G, Trudel G, Bélanger L. Fear and Social Self-esteem in Individuals Suffering from Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia. Scandinavian Journal of Behaviour Therapy. 1995 Dec;24(4):163–70.

  76. Orth U, Robins RW. Is high self-esteem beneficial? Revisiting a classic question. American Psychologist. 2022 Jan;77(1):5–17.

  77. Nasiriziba F, Saati M, Haghani H. Correlation between self-efficacy and self-esteem in patients with an intestinal stoma. British Journal of Nursing. 2020 Sep 10;29(16):S22–9.

  78. Consiglio I, van Osselaer SMJ. The Effects of Consumption on Self-Esteem. Current Opinion in Psychology. 2022 Mar;46:101341.

  79. Paxton SJ, Neumark-Sztainer D, Hannan PJ, Eisenberg ME. Body Dissatisfaction Prospectively Predicts Depressive Mood and Low Self-Esteem in Adolescent Girls and Boys. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. 2006 Dec;35(4):539–49.

  80. Golmaryami FN, Barry CT. The Associations of Self-Reported and Peer-Reported Relational Aggression with Narcissism and Self-Esteem Among Adolescents in a Residential Setting. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. 2009 Dec 31;39(1):128–33.

  81. Self-esteem. Lancet (London, England) [Internet]. 1988 Oct 22 [cited 2023 Jun 13];2(8617):943–4. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2902386/

  82. Abela JRZ, Fishman MB, Cohen JR, Young JF. Personality Predispositions to Depression in Children of Affectively-Ill Parents: The Buffering Role of Self-Esteem. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. 2012 Jul;41(4):391–401.

  83. Berg M, Lindegaard T, Flygare A, Sjöbrink J, Hagvall L, Palmebäck S, et al. Internet-based CBT for adolescents with low self-esteem: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. 2022 May 3;1–20.

  84. Robson PJ. Self-Esteem – a Psychiatric View. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1988 Jul;153(1):6–15.

  85. Fortes L de S, Cipriani FM, Coelho FD, Paes ST, Caputo Ferreira ME. A autoestima afeta a insatisfação corporal em adolescentes do sexo feminino? Revista Paulista de Pediatria. 2014 Sep;32(3):236–40.

  86. McCauley JB, Harris MA, Zajic MC, Swain-Lerro LE, Oswald T, McIntyre N, et al. Self-Esteem, Internalizing Symptoms, and Theory of Mind in Youth With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. 2017 Oct 19;48(3):400–11.

  87. Abela JRZ, Taylor G. Specific Vulnerability to Depressive Mood Reactions in Schoolchildren: The Moderating Role of Self-Esteem. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. 2003 Aug;32(3):408–18.

  88. Güler A, Bankston K, Smith CR. Self‐esteem in the context of intimate partner violence: A concept analysis. Nursing Forum. 2022 Sep 13;

  89. Pherson SM. Self-Esteem and Cosmetic Enhancement. Plastic Surgical Nursing. 2005 Jan;25(1):5–20.

  90. Wright L, Lari L, Iazzetta S, Saettoni M, Gragnani A. Differential diagnosis of borderline personality disorder and bipolar disorder: self‐concept, identity and self‐esteem. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy. 2021 Apr 3

  91. Katz MR, Rodin G, Devins GM. Self-Esteem and Cancer: Theory and Research. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 1995 Dec;40(10):608–15.

  92. Zamani Sani SH, Fathirezaie Z, Gerber M, Pühse U, Bahmani DS, Bashiri M, et al. Self-Esteem and Symptoms of Eating-Disordered Behavior Among Female Adolescents. Psychological Reports. 2020 Aug 6;124(4):003329412094822.

  93. DuBois DL, Silverthorn N. Do Deviant Peer Associations Mediate the Contributions of Self-Esteem to Problem Behavior During Early Adolescence? A 2-Year Longitudinal Study. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. 2004 May;33(2):382–8.

  94. Feiring C, Cleland CM, Simon VA. Abuse-Specific Self-Schemas and Self-Functioning: A Prospective Study of Sexually Abused Youth. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology [Internet]. 2009 Dec 31 [cited 2019 Nov 18];39(1):35–50. Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2856117/

  95. Figueroa C. Self-Esteem and Cosmetic Surgery. Plastic Surgical Nursing. 2003;23(1):21–4.

  96. Scheier MF, Carver CS, Bridges MW. Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1994;67(6):1063–78.

  97. Dubow EF, Huesmann LR, Boxer P, Landau S, Dvir S, Shikaki K, et al. Exposure to Political Conflict and Violence and Posttraumatic Stress in Middle East Youth: Protective Factors. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. 2012 Jul;41(4):402–16.

  98. O’Kearney R, Gibson M, Christensen H, Griffiths KM. Effects of a Cognitive‐Behavioural Internet Program on Depression, Vulnerability to Depression and Stigma in Adolescent Males: A School‐Based Controlled Trial. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. 2006 Mar;35(1):43–54.

  99. Chen LH, Wu CH. Gratitude Enhances Change in Athletes’ Self-Esteem: The Moderating Role of Trust in Coach. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. 2014 May 8;26(3):349–62.

  100. Furnham A, Badmin N, Sneade I. Body Image Dissatisfaction: Gender Differences in Eating Attitudes, Self-Esteem, and Reasons for Exercise. The Journal of Psychology. 2002 Nov;136(6):581–96.

  101. Ahmed MdD, Ho WKY, Van Niekerk RL, Morris T, Elayaraja M, Lee KC, et al. The self-esteem, goal orientation, and health-related physical fitness of active and inactive adolescent students. Duregger C, editor. Cogent Psychology. 2017 May 18;4(1).

  102. Lindeman AK. Self-Esteemml: Its Application to Eating Disorders and Athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition. 1994 Sep;4(3):237–52.

  103. Magill J, Hurlbut N. The Self-Esteem of Adolescents With Cerebral Palsy. American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 1986 Jun 1;40(6):402–7.

  104. Zamiri-Miandoab N, Kamalifard M, Mirghafourvand M. Relationship of Self-Esteem With Body Image and Attitudes Toward Motherhood and Pregnancy. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. 2022 Apr 13;1–9.

  105. PATZER GL. IMPROVING SELF-ESTEEM BY IMPROVING PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry. 1997 Jan;9(1):44–6.

  106. Vaughan-Johnston TI, Lambe L, Craig W, Jacobson JA. Self-esteem importance beliefs: A new perspective on adolescent self-esteem. Self and Identity. 2020 Jan 23;19(8):1–22.

  107. Zeigler-Hill V, Terry C. Perfectionism and explicit self-esteem: The moderating role of implicit self-esteem. Self and Identity. 2007 Apr;6(2-3):137–53.

  108. Zeigler-Hill V, Terry C. Perfectionism and explicit self-esteem: The moderating role of implicit self-esteem. Self and Identity. 2007 Apr;6(2-3):137–53.

  109. Dwyer PC, Snyder M, Omoto AM. When Stigma-by-Association Threatens, Self-Esteem Helps: Self-Esteem Protects Volunteers in Stigmatizing Contexts. Basic and Applied Social Psychology. 2013 Jan;35(1):88–97.

  110. Filosa L, Alessandri G. Dynamics of Global and Organizational Self-Esteem at Work. Identity. 2022 Nov 6;1–17.

  111. Harris MA, Donnellan MB, Trzesniewski KH. The Lifespan Self-Esteem Scale: Initial Validation of a New Measure of Global Self-Esteem. Journal of Personality Assessment. 2017 Feb 21;100(1):84–95.

  112. A KC. Gender Differences and Self-Esteem [Internet]. The journal of gender-specific medicine : JGSM : the official journal of the Partnership for Women’s Health at Columbia. 1999. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11252852/

  113. Sniderman MS. Self-Esteem in Psychotherapy. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 1983 Nov;28(7):577–82.

  114. Cai H, Wu L. The self‐esteem implicit association test is valid: Evidence from brain activity. PsyCh Journal. 2021 Jan 28;10(3):465–77.

  115. Doswell WM, Millor GK, Thompson H. SELF-IMAGE AND SELF-ESTEEM IN AFRICAN-AMERICAN PRETEEN GIRLS: IMPLICATIONS FOR MENTAL HEALTH. Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 1998 Jan;19(1):71–94.

  116. A KC. Gender Differences and Self-Esteem [Internet]. The journal of gender-specific medicine : JGSM : the official journal of the Partnership for Women’s Health at Columbia. 1999. Available from: gram (Kundakci) VS of HS, from the Department of Nursing (Akin) NF. Self-esteem mediates the relationship perceived stigma with self-efficacy for diabetes management in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. ProQuest [Internet]. 2022 Oct 1 [cited 2023 Feb 7];1157–64. Available from: https://www.proquest.com/docview/2740488690?accountid=13827

  117. van Dijk WW, van Koningsbruggen GM, Ouwerkerk JW, Wesseling YM. Self-esteem, self-affirmation, and schadenfreude. Emotion. 2011;11(6):1445–9.

  118. Zeigler-Hill V, Wallace MT. Self-esteem Instability and Psychological Adjustment. Self and Identity. 2012 Jul;11(3):317–42.

  119. Vaughan J, Zeigler-Hill V, Arnau RC. Self-Esteem Instability and Humor Styles: Does the Stability of Self-Esteem Influence How People Use Humor? The Journal of Social Psychology. 2014 Jun 13;154(4):299–310.

  120. O’Regan JK, Dewey ME, Slade PD, Lovius BBJ. Self-esteem and Aesthetics. British Journal of Orthodontics. 1991 May;18(2):111–8.

  121. Vaugha n J, Zeigler-Hill V, Arnau RC. Self-Esteem Instability and Humor Styles: Does the Stability of Self-Esteem Influence How People Use Humor? The Journal of Social Psychology. 2014 Jun 13;154(4):299–310.13.

  122. Durgee JF. Self-Esteem Advertising. Journal of Advertising. 1986 Dec;15(4):21–42

  123. Shine J, McCloskey H, Newton M. Self-esteem and sex offending. Journal of Sexual Aggression. 2002 Jan;8(1):51–61.

  124. Zhang L. Thinking styles, self-esteem, and extracurricular experiences. International Journal of Psychology [Internet]. 2001 Apr;36(2):100–7. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00207590042000128

  125. Zeigler-Hill V, Vonk J. Narcissism and Self-Esteem Revisited : The Mediating Roles of Perceived Status and Inclusion. Identity [Internet]. 2022 Jun 15 [cited 2022 Jul 20];1–14. Available from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15283488.2022.2081572

  126. Swa nk JM, Shin SM. Garden Counseling Groups and Self-Esteem: A Mixed Methods Study With Children With Emotional and Behavioral Problems. The Journal for Specialists in Group Work [Internet]. 2015 Jul 3 [cited 2020 Jul 2];40(3):315–31. Available from:

  127. Cruikshank B. Revolutions within: self-government and self-esteem. Economy and Society [Internet]. 1993 Aug [cited 2020 Feb 21];22(3):327–44. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03085149300000022?_gl=1*v7ebf*_ga*MTc4MzYwMzYwMS4xNjg2NTY1MzM2*_ga_0HYE8YG0M6*MTY4NjY0NzYzNC41LjAuMTY4NjY0NzYzNC4wLjAuMA..&_ga=2.112174151.25823961.1686565336-1783603601.168656533

  128. Swank JM, Shin SM. Garden Counseling Groups and Self-Esteem: A Mixed Methods Study With Children With Emotional and Behavioral Problems. The Journal for Specialists in Group Work [Internet]. 2015 Jul 3 [cited 2020 Jul 2];40(3):315–31. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01933922.2015.1056570?scroll=top&needAccess=true&journalCode=usgw20&_ga=2.112174151.25823961.1686565336-1783603601.1686565336&_gl=1*1tqsxg5*_ga*MTc4MzYwMzYwMS4xNjg2NTY1MzM2*_ga_0HYE8YG0M6*MTY4NjY0OTYzNi42LjEuMTY4NjY0OTYzNy4wLjAuMA..

  129. Swa nk JM, Shin SM. Garden Counseling Groups and Self-Esteem: A Mixed Methods Study With Children With Emotional and Behavioral Problems. The Journal for Specialists in Group Work [Internet]. 2015 Jul 3 [cited 2020 Jul 2];40(3):315–31. Available from: 08.2020.1757857

  130. Rosenthal SR, Tobin AP. Self-esteem only goes so far: the moderating effect of social media screen time on self-esteem and depressive symptoms. Behaviour & Information Technology [Internet]. 2022 Oct 29;1–8. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0144929X.2022.2139759?_ga=2.112174151.25823961.1686565336-1783603601.1686565336&_gl=1*1tqsxg5*_ga*MTc4MzYwMzYwMS4xNjg2NTY1MzM2*_ga_0HYE8YG0M6*MTY4NjY0OTYzNi42LjEuMTY4NjY0OTYzNy4wLjAuMA..

  131. Dancot J, Pétré B, Voz B, Detroz P, Gagnayre R, Triffaux J, et al. Self‐esteem and learning dynamics in nursing students: An existential‐phenomenological study. Nursing Open. 2022 Sep 7;

  132. Pandya SP. Intervention Outcomes, Anxiety, Self-Esteem, and Self-Efficacy With DHH Students in Universities. The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education [Internet]. 2020 Sep 10 [cited 2020 Oct 5]; Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32914192/

  133. Rosenthal SR, Tobin AP. Self-esteem only goes so far: the moderating effect of social media screen time on self-esteem and depressive symptoms. Behaviour & Information Technology [Internet]. 2022 Oct 29;1–8. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0144929X.2022.2139759?_ga=2.112174151.25823961.1686565336-1783603601.1686565336&_gl=1*1tqsxg5*_ga*MTc4MzYwMzYwMS4xNjg2NTY1MzM2*_ga_0HYE8YG0M6*MTY4NjY0OTYzNi42LjEuMTY4NjY0OTYzNy4wLjAuMA..

  134. Sonstroem RJ, Morgan WP. Exercise and self-esteem: rationale and model. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise [Internet]. 1989 Jun 1;21(3):329–37. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2659918/

  135. GRINKER RR. Self-Esteem and Adaptation. Archives of General Psychiatry [Internet]. 1963 Oct 1 [cited 2021 Oct 1];9(4):414. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14045271/

  136. Watson JC, Haktanir A. School Connectedness, Self-Esteem, and Adolescent Life Satisfaction. Journal of Professional Counseling: Practice, Theory & Research. 2017 Jun 1;44(2):32–48.

  137. Zeigler-Hill V, Britton M, Holden CJ, Besser A. How Will I Love You? Self-Esteem Instability Moderates the Association Between Self-Esteem Level and Romantic Love Styles. Self and Identity [Internet]. 2014 Sep 15 [cited 2019 May 29];14(1):118–34. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15298868.2014.960445

  138. Zhang L, Yu Q, Zhang Q, Guo Y, Chen J. The relationship between explicit self-esteem and subjective well-being: The moderating effect of implicit self-esteem. The Journal of General Psychology [Internet]. 2019 May 14;147(1):1–17. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00221309.2019.1609896

  139. Evan EE, Kaufman M, Cook AB, Zeltzer LK. Sexual health and self-esteem in adolescents and young adults with cancer. Cancer [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2021 Jul 5];107(S7):1672–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16906508/

  140. Seigley LA. Self-esteem and health behavior: Theoretic and empirical links. Nursing Outlook [Internet]. 1999 Mar [cited 2019 Mar 27];47(2):74–7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10227033/

  141. Bettencourt BA, Charlton K, Eubanks J, Kernahan C, Fuller B. Development of Collective Self-Esteem Among Students: Predicting Adjustment to College. Basic and Applied Social Psychology [Internet]. 1999 Sep;21(3):213–22. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/S15324834BASP2103_

  142. Davis WE, Hicks JA, Schlegel RJ, Smith CM, Vess M. Authenticity and self-esteem across temporal horizons. The Journal of Positive Psychology [Internet]. 2014 Apr 23;10(2):116–26. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17439760.2014.910830

  143. Turner S. Alcoholic Women’s Self-Esteem. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly [Internet]. 1995 Feb 3;12(4):109–17. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J020V12N04_11

  144. Giacomin M, Jordan CH. How implicit self-esteem influences perceptions of self-esteem at zero and non-zero acquaintance. Self and Identity [Internet]. 2016 May 13 [cited 2019 Jun 19];15(6):615–37. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15298868.2016.1183516

  145. Watanabe H. Sharing schadenfreude and late adolescents’ self-esteem: does sharing schadenfreude of a deserved misfortune enhance self-esteem? International Journal of Adolescence and Youth [Internet]. 2018 Dec 5 [cited 2019 Apr 16];1–9. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02673843.2018.155450

  146. Hollas CR, Jamal T, Woosnam KM. Host self-esteem in volunteer tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism [Internet]. 2021 Feb 18;1–20. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09669582.2021.1888112

  147. Neff A, Sonnentag S, Niessen C, Unger D. The crossover of self-esteem: A longitudinal perspective. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology [Internet]. 2013 Nov 21 [cited 2021 Jul 12];24(2):197–210. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1359432X.2013.856298

  148. Nef f A, Sonnentag S, Niessen C, Unger D. The crossover of self-esteem: A longitudinal perspective. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology [Internet]. 2013 Nov 21 [cited 2021 Jul 12];24(2):197–210. Available from: from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35763112

  149. Ozturk FO, Acikgoz I. The effect of laughter therapy on happiness and self‐esteem level in 5th grade students. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing [Internet]. 2021 Aug 31 [cited 2021 Nov 13]; Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34463398/

  150. Eberl C, Winkler I, Pawelczack S, Tröbitz E, Rinck M, Becker ES, et al. Self-esteem consistency predicts the course of therapy in depressed patients. Branchi I, editor. PLOS ONE [Internet]. 2018 Jul 25 [cited 2020 Feb 23];13(7):e0199957. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30044801/

  151. Karimi R, Mousavizadeh R, Mohammadirizi S, Bahrami M. The Effect of a Spiritual Care Program on the Self-Esteem of Patients with Cancer: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research [Internet]. 2022 Jan 1;27(1):71–4. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35280191/

  152. Hemati Z, Derakhshande F, Abbasi S, Kiani D. The effect of happiness training on self-esteem in the mothers of children with cleft lip and palate in Isfahan 2015. Journal of Education and Health Promotion [Internet]. 2017 Aug 9 [cited 2020 Aug 4];6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5561674/

  153. Jalali A, Behrouzi MK, Salari N, Bazrafshan MR, Rahmati M. The Effectiveness of Group Spiritual Intervention on Self-esteem and Happiness Among Men Undergoing Methadone Maintenance Treatment. Current Drug Research Reviews [Internet]. 2019 Feb 26;11(1):67–72. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29749316/

  154. Adhikari A, Parul, Dhaliwal K, Sarin J. “Upgrading self-esteem: Effectiveness of cognitive enhancement package among psychiatric inpatients.” Archives of Psychiatric Nursing [Internet]. 2021 Mar [cited 2021 Apr 17]; Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34176580/

  155. Poorgholami F, Javadpour S, Saadatmand V, Jahromi MK. Effectiveness of Self-Care Education on the Enhancement of the Self-Esteem of Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis. Global Journal of Health Science [Internet]. 2015 Jun 12;8(2). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26383201

  156. Hintikka U, Marttunen M, Pelkonen M, Laukkanen E, Viinamäki H, Lehtonen J. Improvement in cognitive and psychosocial functioning and self image among adolescent inpatient suicide attempters. BMC Psychiatry [Internet]. 2006 Dec [cited 2019 Apr 17];6(1). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17196100/

  157. Dorairaj K, Thompson K, Wilksch S, Wade T, Paxton S, Austin SB, et al. Risk factors for eating disorders: investigating the relationships between global self-esteem, body-specific self-esteem and dietary restraint. Journal of Eating Disorders [Internet]. 2013 Nov [cited 2019 May 4];1(S1). Available from: https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2050-2974-1-S1-O31

  158. Andersen B, Rasmussen PH. Correction to: Transdiagnostic group therapy for people with self-critic and low self esteem, based on compassion focused therapy principles. Journal of Compassionate Health Care [Internet]. 2018 Feb 10 [cited 2019 Oct 18];5(1). Available from: https://jcompassionatehc.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40639-018-0047-5

  159. D’Agata E, Pérez-Testor C, Negrini S, Rigo M. What is the role of self-esteem in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis under a conservative treatment? Scoliosis [Internet]. 2013 Jun [cited 2019 Jul 26];8(S1). Available from: https://scoliosisjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1748-7161-8-S1-O60


DISCLAIMER

Although the articles published on our website are not scholarly peer-reviewed journal articles, we aim to provide readers with authentic information on mental health and the daily problems of the 21st century. All content caters to the South Asian population living in India and other countries. We refer to other population groups and ethnicities but do not discriminate against any individual or group.


Some of our write-ups are creative pieces and have all narrative styles. Some articles are not monologues but academic-style essays that cite scholarly articles. Moreover, our content is for all age groups. If we have pieces that require parental advisory, we will put up a cautionary statement.


The above information has been written by a qualified mental health professional or journalist. It has been reviewed by a panel of experienced, qualified, skilled and trained news editors, journalists and mental health professionals. All precautionary measures have been taken to ensure that these articles are not just casual write-ups from youngsters. This is an informal method of sharing important information on the web, so one must seek the positive side of the articles shared on our website.


We also understand that not everyone will be happy to read our information or have qualms about the use of our language. However, we can assure you that our intentions are not to hurt anyone. Moreover, if you have any valuable feedback that you would like to share as a member of the audience or an avid reader of our blog posts, please write back to us at info@mentalhealthservicesacro.com.

All articles are purely for information and educational purposes only. Please remember that everything we share promotes positivity, but not everything shared on our website may work in your favour. All tips and tricks to tackle your issues may have negative outcomes, so please be mindful when you try something on your own without proper guidance or professional supervision. If you happen to be facing a mental health issue or disorder, we request you to seek professional help from the nearest mental health service provider available in your city.


We, the authors or publishers, do not claim responsibility for any harm caused to viewers and readers due to our choice of words or published posts. Furthermore, we will vehemently disregard any abusive language or comments shared by some readers for any given reason and take necessary steps to curb such uncivil behaviours.


COPYRIGHT INFORMATION AND INFRINGEMENT

All contents of the website, blog posts, main texts, captions, and ideas are the intellectual property of ACRO Mental Health & Wellness and individual writers. We have taken special care in trying to reference all our work to avoid plagiarism or online trolls. We have used references of audio-visual content that does not infringe on anyone’s IP nor belong to us in some cases, but have given due credit to every individual and site that we referred to before writing our articles. Any unauthorised copying, publishing, or circulation of this content is illegal and will be subject to legal consequences as per the jurisdiction of the Indian Copyright Act.

































14 views0 comments

Recent Posts

See All

Comments


bottom of page